Interpretation systems, therapeutic itineraries and repertoires of leprosy patients in a low prevalence country. / Sistemas de interpretación, itinerarios y repertorios terapéuticos de pacientes con lepra en un país con baja prevalencia.

OBJECTIVES: In Peru, despite the small number of cases, there is evidence of late diagnosis and hidden prevalence of leprosy. In this context the objective of the study was to know the interpretation systems on leprosy, itineraries and therapeutic repertoires of patients diagnosed with leprosy who are in treatment or who have finished treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A qualitative study was carried out, applying se mi-structured interviews to patients diagnosed with leprosy from the Loreto and Ucayali regions. RESULTS: 30 patients were interviewed. Most did not know the mechanism of leprosy transmission. In relation to therapeutic itineraries, patients generally went to health facilities on the recommendation of third parties who knew the disease. In some cases, health personnel made a bad diagnosis. The importance of the treatment indicated by the "Ministerio de Salud" (Ministry of Health) is recognized; however, economic factors and the distance to health facilities negatively affect adherence to treatment. In addition, it was evidenced that stigma persists towards the disease. CONCLUSIONS: Patients recognize the importance of treatment; however, they express misconceptions about the pathogenesis of leprosy, and weaknesses in the health system are also identified. These problems would lead to delay in diagnosis and treatment. It is recommended to strengthen control strategies and decentralize the care of leprosy with the participa tion of the community, patients, health personnel and healers, considering the identified barriers and a probable underdiagnosis in women.

OBJETIVOS: En Perú, a pesar del escaso número de casos, existe evidencia de un diagnóstico tardío y prevalencia oculta de la lepra. En este contexto el objetivo del estudio fue conocer los sistemas de inter pretación sobre la lepra, itinerarios y repertorios terapéuticos de pacientes con diagnóstico de lepra que se encuentren en tratamiento o con tratamiento culminado. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo, aplicando entrevistas semiestructuradas a pacientes con diagnóstico de lepra de las regiones de Loreto y Ucayali. RESULTADOS: Se entrevistaron a 30 pacientes. La mayoría no conocía el mecanismo de transmisión de la lepra. En relación con los itinerarios terapéuticos, los pacientes generalmente acudie ron a los establecimientos de salud por recomendación de terceros que conocían la enfermedad. En al gunos casos, el personal de salud realizó un mal diagnóstico. Se reconoce la importancia del tratamiento indicado por el Ministerio de Salud; sin embargo, factores económicos y la distancia a los establecimien tos de salud afectan de forma negativa la adherencia al tratamiento. Además, se evidenció que persiste el estigma de la enfermedad. CONCLUSIONES: Los pacientes reconocen la importancia del tratamiento, sin embargo, manifiestan ideas equivocadas sobre la patogenia de la lepra, además se identifican debilidades en el sistema de salud. Estos problemas conllevarían al retraso en el diagnóstico y tratamiento. Se reco mienda fortalecer las estrategias de control y descentralizar la atención de la lepra con la participación de la comunidad, pacientes, personal de salud y curanderos, considerando las barreras identificadas y un probable infradiagnóstico en la mujer.

Sistemas de interpretación, itinerarios y repertorios terapéuticos de pacientes con lepra en un país con baja prevalencia / Interpretation systems, therapeutic itineraries and repertoires of leprosy patients in a low prevalence country

RESUMEN Objetivos: En Perú, a pesar del escaso número de casos, existe evidencia de un diagnóstico tardío y prevalencia oculta de la lepra. En este contexto el objetivo del estudio fue conocer los sistemas de inter pretación sobre la lepra, itinerarios y repertorios terapéuticos de pacientes con diagnóstico de lepra que se encuentren en tratamiento o con tratamiento culminado. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo, aplicando entrevistas semiestructuradas a pacientes con diagnóstico de lepra de las regiones de Loreto y Ucayali. Resultados: Se entrevistaron a 30 pacientes. La mayoría no conocía el mecanismo de transmisión de la lepra. En relación con los itinerarios terapéuticos, los pacientes generalmente acudie ron a los establecimientos de salud por recomendación de terceros que conocían la enfermedad. En al gunos casos, el personal de salud realizó un mal diagnóstico. Se reconoce la importancia del tratamiento indicado por el Ministerio de Salud; sin embargo, factores económicos y la distancia a los establecimien tos de salud afectan de forma negativa la adherencia al tratamiento. Además, se evidenció que persiste el estigma de la enfermedad. Conclusiones: Los pacientes reconocen la importancia del tratamiento, sin embargo, manifiestan ideas equivocadas sobre la patogenia de la lepra, además se identifican debilidades en el sistema de salud. Estos problemas conllevarían al retraso en el diagnóstico y tratamiento. Se reco mienda fortalecer las estrategias de control y descentralizar la atención de la lepra con la participación de la comunidad, pacientes, personal de salud y curanderos, considerando las barreras identificadas y un probable infradiagnóstico en la mujer.

ABSTRACT Objectives: In Peru, despite the small number of cases, there is evidence of late diagnosis and hidden prevalence of leprosy. In this context the objective of the study was to know the interpretation systems on leprosy, itineraries and therapeutic repertoires of patients diagnosed with leprosy who are in treatment or who have finished treatment. Materials and methods: A qualitative study was carried out, applying se mi-structured interviews to patients diagnosed with leprosy from the Loreto and Ucayali regions. Results: 30 patients were interviewed. Most did not know the mechanism of leprosy transmission. In relation to therapeutic itineraries, patients generally went to health facilities on the recommendation of third parties who knew the disease. In some cases, health personnel made a bad diagnosis. The importance of the treatment indicated by the "Ministerio de Salud" (Ministry of Health) is recognized; however, economic factors and the distance to health facilities negatively affect adherence to treatment. In addition, it was evidenced that stigma persists towards the disease. Conclusions: Patients recognize the importance of treatment; however, they express misconceptions about the pathogenesis of leprosy, and weaknesses in the health system are also identified. These problems would lead to delay in diagnosis and treatment. It is recommended to strengthen control strategies and decentralize the care of leprosy with the participa tion of the community, patients, health personnel and healers, considering the identified barriers and a probable underdiagnosis in women.

Subcutaneous mycoses in Peru: a systematic review and meta-analysis for the burden of disease.

BACKGROUND: There is a worrying lack of epidemiological data on the geographical distribution and burden of subcutaneous mycoses in Peru, hindering the implementation of surveillance and control programs. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to estimate the disease burden of subcutaneous mycoses in Peru and identify which fungal species were commonly associated with these mycoses. METHODS: We performed a meta-analysis after a systematic review of the published literature in PubMed, LILACS, and SciELO to estimate the burden of subcutaneous mycoses in 25 regions in Peru. The disease burden was determined in terms of prevalence (number of cases per 100,000 inhabitants) and the number of reported cases per year per region. RESULTS: A total of 26 studies were eligible for inclusion. Results showed that sporotrichosis was the most common subcutaneous mycosis (99.7%), whereas lobomycosis, chromoblastomycosis, and subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis were rare. Cases of eumycetoma and subcutaneous zygomycosis were not found. Of the 25 regions, the burden of sporotrichosis was estimated for four regions classified as endemic; in nine regions, only isolated cases were reported. The highest burden of sporotrichosis was in Apurimac (15 cases/100,000 inhabitants; 57 cases/year), followed by Cajamarca (3/100,000 inhabitants; 30/year), Cusco (0.5/100,000 inhabitants; 4/year), and La Libertad (0.2/100,000 inhabitants; 2/year). In two regions, the mycoses predominantly affected children. CONCLUSIONS: Sporotrichosis is the most common subcutaneous mycosis in Peru, with a high disease burden in Apurimac. Chromoblastomycosis, lobomycosis, and subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis are rare mycoses in Peru.

[Critical appraisal about control programs and elimination of leprosy in Peru, and its consequences for Peru and America]. / Apreciaciones críticas a los programas de control y eliminación de la lepra en el Perú y sus consecuencias para el Perú y América.

A critical analysis of health control measures that historically took place in Peru to the present which has led Peru to officially consider leprosy as an "eliminated" public health problem. We will also discuss the validity of the status given the neglect of health surveillance, disbanded specialized control entities, health medical staff forgetting to account for leprosy in early stages, the presence of undiagnosed smear-positive leprosy in Lima and the undeniable hidden prevalence, suggest that there is a danger to the country and the region that a re-emergence of leprosy will occur, if relevant and appropriate sanitary measures are not taken.

Polymorphism in the rpoT gene in Mycobacterium leprae isolates obtained from Latin American countries and its possible correlation with the spread of leprosy.

The genotypes of Mycobacterium leprae isolates originating from Mexico, Peru and Paraguay were analysed for the polymorphism of short tandem repeats in the rpoT gene. The genotype with four copies of the six-base tandem repeats in the rpoT gene was prominently predominant in Mexico, but the genotype of all isolates from Peru and Paraguay contained three copies of the six-base tandem repeats. These obvious different distributions might reflect the spread of leprosy by the different strains of M. leprae harboured by the various human races that moved to the American continent, as has been demonstrated in other infectious diseases.

Prioridades epidemiologicas en el Perú 1999 / Epidemiological priorities in Peru 1999

Se presenta la descripción de la situación de salud en el Perú para el ano de 1999 precisando datos geográficos, demográficos, y los principales indica I como el de mayor pobreza y menor expectativa de vidadores. Se senala la estratificación vigente con cinco Estratos sobre la base de medición de las necessidades básicas insatisfechas (NBI), definiendo al Estrato al nacer en donde predominan las enfermedades transmisibles y los problemas vinculados al acceso a servicios de calidad asi como deficiencias nutricionales, en tanto que el Estrato V, con menores NBI, se constituira por elevada esperanza de vida al nacer y predominio de enfermedades crónicas y transmisibles. Se senalan indicadores para cada uno de los Estratos y se describe la problemática de la mortalidad materna y de las poblaciones dispersas, destacándose como prioridades epidemiológicas la desnutrición y las enfermedades transmitidas por vetores: malaria, dengue, leishmaniasis, fiebre amarilla, enfermedad de Carrión, enfermedad de Chagas y Tifus epidémico, Se describe el estado actual de las enfermedades transmisibles de evolución crónica: tuberculosis, lepra, infecciones respiratórias agudas, SIDA, hepatitis B y cólera así como las enfermedades inmuno prevenibles, zoonosis, enfermedades no transmisibles, violencia, accidentes y desatres baturales. Se formulan propuestas para mejorar el estado de salud de la población destacando el rol del epidemiológico y la importancia de la descentralización de los servicios de salud.

[Research in tropical medicine and primary health care in Peru]. / Investigación en medicina tropical y atención primaria a la salud en Perú.

Tropical medicine's fundamental task is to improve health in the tropics. By adopting primary health care strategies, it satisfies the real needs of the population while doing research, improving its effectiveness and social impact. We illustrate this with some examples drawn from our experience, where this potentiation is evident. A sanitary dermatology study, based on health auxiliaries and promoters, encompassed a whole jungle province, with 68,977 km2 and 103,681 inhabitants. It resulted in an excellent relationship with the populations, and findings of significance for early diagnosis and control of hanseniasis and other diseases. It also facilitated an extension of activities to include the entire Amazonian Region, with specific concentration on training of the health personnel. Clinico-epidemiological studies on leishmaniasis in Andean valleys incorporated activities of sanitary education, health care, aspects of community development, etc., and extended into other geographic areas. Migrant workers from high-altitude communities in Cusco who have been to the jungle and acquired cutaneous or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis formed Patient Associations. The latter now receive support for their health and development needs from health authorities and many institutions; our Institute contributes with improved therapeutic procedures and further epidemiologic studies to orient preventive and control measures.

PIP: Tropical medicine is characterized by its focus on targeted research, which has improved biomedical knowledge for application to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness. The UN Development Program/World Bank/World Health Organization Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases is promoting research to improve application of the results of targeted research. Combining a primary health care strategy with tropical medicine can help ensure that the real needs of the population will be met while research continues, maximizing effectiveness and social impact. Three examples from Peru illustrate the efficacy of this combined approach. A sanitary dermatology study was conducted in Alto Amazonas, a province of the Department of Loreto with a 1980 population estimated at 103,681 living in 68.977 sq. km of jungle. An intensive training program was held for physicians, nurses, auxiliaries, and other health personnel as well as the prospective health promoters who would participate in the pilot program to diagnose and control Hansen's disease (leprosy). The training included preparation of specimens for serological and other studies and other diagnostic procedures. Two 4-member field teams covered the entire province in 18 months, during which they censused 57,927 persons and clinically examined 47,160. After diagnosis of Hansen's disease was confirmed, a project physician or nurse initiated treatment with the multidrug regimen recommended by the World Health Organization and instructed the patient in the procedures to be followed to avoid incapacity. The auxiliary in the nearest health post supervised treatment and referred the patient to a higher level if adverse reactions occurred. 45 patients with Hansen's disease were detected during the study, along with 784 with leishmaniasis, 290 with malaria, and 164 with tuberculosis. All patients diagnosed with these conditions received treatment. A clinical and epidemiological study of leishmaniasis in Andean valleys combined health education, treatment, community development, and other interventions. The incidence of leishmaniasis has been increasing in Peru, and 15,000 new cases are projected for 1992. Active collaboration with the populations involved was sought through the primary health care system. A number of different organizations participated in the work. Field studies conducted primarily in the Purisima Valley included a census, recruiting of promoters and other health workers to diagnose cases, surveillance of new cases, systematic study of leishmaniasis vectors in houses and outside, and observation of the activity patterns of the population that might increase risk of disease. Positive correlations were found with the concentration of vectors inside houses and with seasons of increased agricultural activity. The third example concerned migrant workers from the highlands who contracted leishmaniasis in the jungle. They formed associations to seek assistance from the health system.

Estudio sobre la enfermedad de Hansen en San Pablo de Loreto, Peru

Se revisaron retrospectivamente 14 casos nuevos de la enfermedad de Hansen, ocurridos entre los años 1981 y 1984 en San Pablo de Loreto (Perú). En cada uno de ellos se realizó una historia clínica completa, clasificándoles de acordo a la metodología de Ridley y Jopling, se les tomó baciloscopía, biopsia y se aplicó lepromina. Los casos fluctuaban entre los 5 y 28 años de edad, siendo 10 de ellos (71'42 por ciento) oriundos de la región. En el 100 por ciento de los casos el contacto se refiere al ámbito familiar. En relación al método de hallazgo: 4 (28'5 por ciento) van a la consulta por otras causas. otros 4 (28'5 por ciento) se diagnosticaron en el control de contactos, 5 (35'7 por ciento) por revisión escolar y 1 (7'1 por ciento acude a la consulta por la enfermedad. Las formas clínicas encontradas fueron: lepra indeterminada en 6 casos (42 por ciento)y lepra lepromatosa en 2 casos (14'2 por ciento), borderline pura en 2 casos (14'2 por ciento) y borderline lepromatosa en 4 casos (28'4 por ciento); no encontrándose ningún caso de lepra tuberculóide ni borderline tuberculóide. En 7 pacientes (50 por ciento) se encontró baciloscopia positiva, 6 de estos 7 pacientes ubicados utilizando el rango de 0 a 3, en el paciente restante sólo se encontró un bacilo. En sólo 4 casos (28'4 por ciento) se confirmó el diagnóstico con anatomía patológica y estos fueron de las formas borderline lepromatosa y L. lepromatosa. En lo querespecta al tratamiento: 3 pacientes están incluidos en el esquema para multibacilares (OMS-82), 7 dentro del esquema para paucibacilares (OMS-82), 2 recibieron otros tratamiento. Se revisaron así mismo los casos nuevos ocurridos desde 1970 a 1980, encontrándose que habían sido notificados en este periodo de 11 años, 19 casos nuevos de Hansen. De los cuales: 8 (42'1 por ciento) no pudimos entrevistarlos por hallaese ausentes de la zona y otros por no ser conocidos. Otros 6 (31'57 por ciento) fueron examinados de nuevo y confirmamos que no padecian esta enfermedad, 2 (10'52 por ciento) habían fallecido y 3 (15'78 por ciento) se revisaron e hizo su completa hsitoria clínica, baciloscopía, anatomía patológica y se aplicó lepromina e incluyéndoles a 2 de ellos en tratamiento combinado. Es de anotar que estos 3 casos: dos eran menores de 14 años y un adulto; dos formas LL y uno LT. Los 3 de San Pablo. Ver tabla 1. Este...